There are an incredible array of possible applications for printed electronics (PE), and almost as many ways to actually produce PE systems. For textile and other flexible applications, conductive fibers are one potentially successful approach. Photo courtesy of A.MOHR Technische Textilien GmbH. Conductive fibers historically have played a role in innovation, dating back to the use of a carbonized sewing thread used as a filament in Thomas Edison's light bulb. This was the first filament that met Edison’s needs for resistance and life span. Conductive fibers consist of a non-conductive or less conductive substrate, which is then either coated or embedded with electrically conductive elements such as carbon, nickel, copper, gold, silver or titanium. Substrate fibers typically include cotton, polyester, nylon, and stainless steel to high performance fibers such as aramids, HDPE, PBI, PBO, PTFE, carbon nanotubes and others. These fibers